Cooling hose options and LS sizes - WTF??. Jul 4, 2009 — I ordered my rad with the closest common size inlet and outlet - namely 1-1/4" inlet (from engine) and 1-1/2" outlet (to engine).rear mount radiator water line sizesMay 21, 2020Rear mount radiator plumbingMay 20, 2020More results from www.pirate4x4.comImages for ls water pump inlet and outlet size. Mar 10, 2016 — Both inlet and outlet are on the passenger side. Upper water pump neck size is 1.325" with the radiator upper being 1.262". Lower water pump . Godwin Hydraulic Pumps, LS Swap Radiator Hose Adapter, 1.5 Inch to 1.25 Inch. About featured snippets•FeedbackPeople also askYou will see more English now.What size hose is a LS water pump?What size hose is a LS water pump heater core?Does radiator inlet size matter?Which radiator hose is inlet and outlet?Feedback Graco Gh 230 Hydraulic Pump, Top Hose Fitting for LS Pumps to AN16 | Meziere Enterprises. The pumps usually come with a 1.25" hose connection. However, if you require a fitting to help you connect to AN style hose, we have the solution. This fitting .$35.01 Graco Hydraulic Pump, LS1 radiator hose sizes, conversions. Jan 11, 2006 — Have an aluminium old style SBC radiator here with the usual 1 3/4" outlet and 1 1/2" inlet. Noticed the LS1 has smaller necks, .Radiator and heater hose sizes, anyone? - LS1Tech.comJun 25, 2012Ls1 water pump hose connections what size? - LS1Tech.comJan 12, 2014Water pump ports.which is send/return? - LS1TECHJul 1, 2007water pump heater hose inlet/outlet - LS1Tech.comMay 11, 2010More results from ls1tech.com Greenlee Hydraulic Power Pump, Why Is The Lower Radiator Hose Larger Than The Upper .. Nov 14, 2014 — On traditional muscle-car V8 engines, typically the lower radiator hose should be about 1438-inch larger than the top hose (for example, if the . Gresen Hydraulic Pumps, Learn the Differences Between LS Water Pumps. LS1 and LS2 pumps are nearly identical. They both have water outlets on the upper passenger side. However, an LS2 pulley is smaller in depth and their . Grid Inn, Coolant Hose Sizes?. Jan 10, 2012 — I'm looking at possibly installing a Laminar oil to water heat exchanger, and would need to know the hose size for installation. Thanks, Haldex Barnes Corp Hydraulic Pump, Firebird and Camaro LS Swap: Cooling System Guide. Nov 14, 2016 — The stock LS radiators have both inlet and outlet passages on the passenger's side of the engine. While you can route hoses to the driver's side .Radiator hose part numbers for LS3 swap?. Oct 3, 2016 — Some companies offer an LS option that means both inlet and outlet are on the right side and 1.5" diameter, while some are both on the right .LS3 water pump inlet/outlet. Nov 26, 2017 — Does the water pumps on the GM crate LS3 engines have an Inlet and an Outlet for the heater hoses ??? The 2 hose connections are side by side .Radiator hose connections - Stock to 5.3L - The 1947. Jan 30, 2011 · 7 posts · 4 authorsThe inlet and outlet are different sizes. What have you guys done to match the hoses. . I've seen some hose size adapters but am interested if . Honda Engine With Hydraulic Pump, Holley 22-101: LS Water Pump Forward Facing Inlet. Details. LS-Swap Water Pumps. Features: · Forward Inlet Allows Truck Swap Engines To Be Installed In Low Hood Vehicles · Allows Original Truck Accessories To Be .Package Width: 9.4Style: Street/High-PerformanceType: MechanicalShipping Weight: 12.4$259.95 · ‎Free 5-day delivery · ‎60-day returns · ‎In stock Hurst Hydraulic Pump, Radiator inlet outlet sizes. Jul 30, 2017 — If it boils at the lower hose the pump cavitates and ZERO water is . For example, on GM LS-series engines, the size difference can be as . Husqvarna Hydraulic Pump Rebuild Kit, Water pump inlet and outlet size?. Nov 15, 2007 — Whats the OD size on the inlet and outlet on the water pump? Tags 2005, 96, corvette, dimension, forum, impalas, inlet, inletoutlet, ls1, . Nike Vomero Women, Gen V LT1 Coolant Hoses - Third Generation F-Body .. How do the stub sizes compare to LS1 water pump and 3rd gen radiator? I know with the frostbite radiator you can buy different inlet and outlet sizes. Grid Interactive Inverter, Water pump hose sizes?. Mar 12, 2021 — On the long style the inlet is 1 7/8 and the outlet at thermostat is 1.5 inch. Now the reason the 1 7/8 is used is because of the heavy .Missing: ls ‎| Show results with: ls Hydac Hydraulic Pump, Aluminum Water Neck 1.25" Hose for GM LS1, LS2, LS6 .. Aluminum Water Neck 1.25" Hose for GM LS1, LS2, LS6 engines (*must use traditional 53 mm SBC thermostat, not LS1 thermostat) - Black . *Must use traditional .$51.39 · ‎Free delivery over $100 · ‎In stock Hydraulic Axial Piston Pump, LS heater hose reducer needed?. Jan 18, 2007 — The LS motors have different sized heater hose inlets and outlets (I think 3/4" and 5/8"). the Z heater core uses the smaller size for both .8 posts  ·  The LT engines have a different sized heater hose inlet and outlet as well. It's pretty easy .Hose size for LS3 Engine. Hose size for LS3 Engine. , LS3 came with different sizes. bottom hose will be 1.5" top hose will be 1.25"-1.5". Nov 19, 2019•Knowledge. Information. Body.Technical - BBC water pump inlet size (large) | The H.A.M.B.. Jul 22, 2019 — does anyone know what year or type water pump for BBC had a large inlet (about 2") for the lower radiator hose? I am looking for the hose .Missing: ls ‎| Show results with: lsEarl's Remote Electric Water Pump Plumbing Kit. Inlet / Outlet Size: -16 AN Male Flares; Flexible – Inlet & Outlet Can Be On Either Side of the Engine; Simple & Clean Remote Electric Water Pump Plumbing for .$519.95 · ‎90-day returns Hydraulic Cylinder With Electric Pump, LS / LT CHEVY ONLY. In here are numerous adapters and fittings specifically for LS engines and related Transmissions . Earls Remote Electric Water Pump Plumbing Kit · Earls.Free delivery over $140 Hydraulic Driven Pump, LS swap radiator hose. Jan 5, 2023 — Hello all .Im have a major issue finding a upper rad hose that fits .Theengine is a 4.8 LS with 1.25 pump outlet size the radiator is 1.50 . Grid Iron Org, LS 4.8 5.3 5.7 6.0 water pump mod Delete the heater hose .. 15:00Quick and easy DIY for eliminating the heater hose outlets on the LS water pump! If you're not running a heater core this is the low buck .YouTube · HeadFlowInc · Jul 8, 20177 key moments in this video Hydraulic Driven Roper Pumps, 16AN LONG LS1 LS2 LS3 LS7 CHEVY. The press in fitting is available in a short version as well as -20AN and -16AN sizes. This fitting has a 1.299" base. It will only fit some Genuine GM pumps .$34.99 Hydraulic Grout Pump, Heater core hoses WTF. Feb 19, 2020 — And why even have different inlet/outlet size when all the hoses are . got me thinking is because of the LS swap, the water pump obviously . Hydraulic Hand Pump Repair, Billet Electric LS Water Pump. PRP's Billet Chevy Electric LS Water Pump is machine from solid 6061-T6 billet . hose but requires separate purchase of inlet to match the radiator size.$5 delivery · ‎30-day returns Hydraulic Hand Pump With Gauge, How do I connect these two things? Radiator content.. Feb 13, 2017 — I have a radiator with inch and 3/8" inlet and outlet. . I needed to go from LS water pump size to gigantic truck radiator size.14 posts  ·  Depending on what hose you get, it might make the size change in the hose.In Line Water Pump 20 GPM. The black lead should be routed to negative. Note. Water pump outlet size is -12 ORB. Inlet size is 1″ .$328.56 · ‎30-day returns · ‎In stockHeater hose size?. Jan 6, 2022 — Yep, thats what we have too, 3/4" goes to radiator and 5/8 goes to intake manifold. Like. Reactions: Ken B.Influence of pump type design on building cost.. The third design is a vertical LS drinking water pump from Rodelta. . diameter of the pipe in straight pipe length for the inlet and outlet of the pump. Hydraulic High Pressure Water Pump, GM LS Series. PDFWater Pump Mounting Stud and Damper Installation, Water Pump Installation. . Heater Hose and Radiator Hose Installation, Final Steps. Hydraulic Jet Pumps, Ultimate Guide to Car Radiator Hoses, Heater Hoses & .. From the bottom of the radiator, is the lower radiator hose that is directed to the water pump. Powered by the vehicle's water pump, the engine coolant .5 topics include: Heater Hose vs. Radiator Hose ⋅ What Vehicle Hoses Do ⋅ Coolant & Overflow Hoses ⋅ View full list Hydraulic Mud Pump, Holley LS Water Pump 22-100 - Standard, Forward Inlet. This water pump requires 3/4 spacers for the truck accessories. Which gives the option to run the steamport into the spacer if you dont want to plumb into the . Rating: 5 · ‎1 review · ‎$229.95 · ‎Free delivery over $98 · ‎30-day returns Hydraulic Powered Water Pump, Flo-Jet Water System Pump Manual. PDFtank, open all faucets, then turn pump switch on. Water . 0997CC #LS IVA LE÷80 9007/90/01 . Remove quick connect inlet and outlet fittings from the pump . Hydraulic Press Pump And Cylinder, Heater core hoses with LS motor. Mar 20, 2014 — The lower heater core fitting is the same size as the left side fitting on the water pump at 5/8", and the other two fittings are the same . Hydraulic Pump For Front End Loader, LS Engine Parts and Accessories - Cooling Systems. This system allows removal of the Automotive engine mounted water circulation pump and provides both water inlet/outlet and temperature control through the .30-day returns Hydraulic Pump For Lowboy Trailer, Can I block off inlet and outlet for heater at the water pump?. Feb 17, 2015 — Hey, which hoses on the waterpump go to the heater core? the middle size ones lol not the big main in/outlet hose for the radiator and not .Effect of 90° elbows on pump inlet flow conditions. by RN Ferreira · 2020 · Cited by 8 — For a long pipe length between the two elbows, the swirl should approach that of a single elbow case. The comparison of Ls from Setup 2 with .Can I run a remote water pump on the street???. Jan 7, 2014 — Made up 2 outlet that bolts to water pump & plumb them. . The CSR inlet is 3/4npt, you can buy their inlet fitting in radiator hose size.Pump Selection Guide. PDFWater pressure systems with automatic pump controller . Stainless steel close coupled end suction pump: CEA-CA . Inlet size: 11⁄4” Outlet: 1”NOTE:. Hydraulic Pump For Mahindra Tractor, Horizontal split-case pumps. PDFLS horizontal version. Nominal diameter of the inlet port (DN). Nominal diameter of the outlet port (DN). Maximum impeller diameter [mm]. If suffix is used:. Hydraulic Pump Gpm Calculator, LS3 Conversion upper stock radiator Hose part?. Jan 13, 2017 — Here are the hoses I used on my LQ9 swap for a drivers side upper water pump outlet, passenger side water pump lower inlet. Hydraulic Pump Motor Adapter, Chapter 11 Pump Stations. PDFTable 11-22 Velocities for Pump Inlet (Suction) and Discharge Piping for Individual Pumps .... 11-74. Table 11-23 Valves for SPU Water Pump . Grid Legends Cast, LS-1 ELECTRIC WATER PUMP. PDFWater is drawn from the radiator and into the pump directly, eliminating the LS thermostat on the inlet side. After circulating through the block, hot water . Hydraulic Pump Part, Earls Remote Electric Water Pump Plumbing Kit LS0040ERL. Fits GM LS Series Engines w/ Remote Electric Water Pump, -16 AN Male Inlet . (2) Port Fittings, and Hardware; Inlet / Outlet Size: -16 AN Male Flares .$519.95 · ‎In stock Hydraulic Pump Pto Allison Transmission, Using A Remote: Meziere Water Pumps That Fit Your .. Mar 23, 2021 — “These pumps are only 4.4-by 5.4- x 6.4-inches in size. The pump is sealed for ethylene glycol/water coolant and protected against harsh . Hydraulic Pump Removal, Simple question - which port is inlet on LS1 water pump. Sep 25, 2016 — So which of the 2 ports on the LS1 water pump is the inlet (from heater) and which is the outlet (to heater)?1434601 WATER PUMP, ALUM HI-PERF, GM, LS Gen III & .. 1434601 WATER PUMP, ALUM HI-PERF, GM, LS Gen III & IV, 1997-2010 Firebird, Camaro, Corvette, SUV with Passenger Side Return Outlet and front inlet, 8-hole .$255.60Davies Craig Electric Water Pumps (EWP) Information. SELECTION OF AN ELECTRIC WATER PUMP (EWP) ; Weight, 900g (2lbs) Nylon 1025g (2.26lbs) Alloy ; Inlet & Outlet Fitting, Nylon, Flange with 35mm (1 3/8") Push on .Inlet Pipe - an overview. The inlet piping should be the full diameter of the intake opening of the compressor. If the inlet pipe is extremely long a larger size should be used. The . Hydraulic Pump Rentals, PPS Pump Protection Separators. Required separator size is often, but not always, smaller than the existing piping, and appropriate hardware is used to match the inlet/outlet size with . Hydraulic Pump Repair Indianapolis, Davies Craig EWP150 Aluminum Electric Water Pump .. Davies Craig EWP150 ELECTRIC WATER PUMP (ALLOY) (PART #8165) The EWP150 Alloy 12V is . Fits hose sizes, 35mm to 51mm (1⅜” to 2”) Inlet & Outlet -16AN ORB.$215.99 · ‎Free delivery over $249 · ‎30-day returns · ‎In stock Hydraulic Pump Seal Replacement, Water Pump Fittings - Cooling. MZWP2175C - LONG HOSE FITTING, 1-3/4". Inlet Fitting,Extended Length For 100 Series Electric Water Pumps Chrome Finish 1 3/4" Hose Connection. Hydraulic Pump Setup, Coolant Hose. Items 1 - 20 of 34 — Your engine relies on the performance of your coolant hose. . VIN must be exactly 17 characters in length; The letters "I", "O" and "Q" . Hydraulic Pump Solenoid Valve, Single Component Catalog - Graco Inc.. PDFmanual gun, 25 ft x 3/8 in (7.6 m x 9.5 mm) I.D. hose, 1/4 in (6.3 mm) bead. . In order to correctly size a pump, you should know the desired dispense . Hydraulic Pump Tester, LS3 water pump / flow | Factory Five Racing Forum. I was led to believe was the inlet of the LS3 water pump. . With an LS motor, the bottom hose feeds to the thermostat housing, which is just the opposite . Hydraulic Pump With Pulley, Alfa Laval SRU Rotary Lobe Pump. PDFThe Alfa Laval SRU Rotary Lobe Pump is a reliable positive . SRU Model. Displacement. Inlet and Outlet Connection. Size. Differential. Pressure.LS Electric Water Pump Black ALL31122. 12 in. 30.48 cm ; 9.2 in. 23.37 cm ; 5.5 in. 13.97 cm ; Attributes. Block / Remote Mount. Block Mount. Inlet Quantity. 1. Inlet Thread. 20 AN. Inlet Style. Female.Inlet Size: 1-1/4 inFitting Material: Aluminum$574.99 · ‎Out of stockHydraulic Pump and Power Systems Division. PDFPremier Series High Pressure/Performance Piston Pumps . End or side inlet and outlet . Torque/LS/Pmax without bleed orifice,. Torque range 20-60% of max.Intercooler pump upgrade, which one?. Jul 3, 2022 — So the inlet and outlet of the CWA pump is 1.5" and the stock hellcat pump is 1". I did find some hose online that reduces from 1.5" to 1", . Hydraulic Sprayer Pumps, Dodge Water Pump Inlet Tube. Whether you're a do-it-yourselfer or trained auto tech, you'll appreciate the convenience of home or business delivery, or picking up your Water Pump Inlet Tube .45-day returns Hydraulic Tank Vacuum Pump, 340lph High Flow In-Tank Fuel Pump (Offset Inlet). This fuel pump is designed for in-tank mounting for use with gasoline and features a compact 39mm diameter that fits most applications. It has an offset inlet . Hydraulic Trim Tab Pump, Kunkle Valve, Safety and Relief Valves. Overpressure relief and protection of pumps, tanks, lines and hydraulic systems. . (1 1/2-inch through 4-inch sizes); Inlet and outlet flanges per ANSI . Hydraulic Water Pump For Sale, 9 Cooling System Myths and Mistakes. Jul 21, 2016 — It must also have the appropriate water pump speed and coolant flow between the engine and radiator. Typically, when engines overheat or run too . Hydrostatic Hydraulic Pump, Calculator: Pipe Sizing by Velocity for Water. Online calculator to quickly determine Pipe Sizing by Velocity for Water. Includes 53 different calculations. Equations displayed for easy reference. Hyster Forklift Hydraulic Pump, Cooling - Cooling, Insulation & Air Conditioning. Items 1 - 96 of 235 — 25mm Inlet/Outlet Barb, 46.6 Litres Per Minute . GM LS Series OEM Water Pump - Natural Cast . with -12 ORB Inlet/Outlet Ports. Ingersoll Rand Hydraulic Pump, Water Pump top inlet versus Throttle body clearance | Page 2. Sep 8, 2022 — It also brings the water inlet/outlet to the drivers side, the rad hose looks a little better as well. Here's a pic .ACDelco Mechanical Water Pumps 19195105 Reviews. Ease of Installation . One large inlet tube was heavily damaged on the waterpump, I should have . Is the inlet size 1.5 in and outlet size 1.75 in? Rating: 4.7 · ‎61 reviews · ‎$131.99 · ‎90-day returns · ‎In stockMeziere Enterprises Performance Engine Cooling Catalog. PDFMost pumps use a 1” NPT port to direct water into the pump via one of the inlet adapters. These adapters are available in rubber hose and many AN sizes.What is the difference between the water pump and water .. All pumps have a water inlet and an outlet. . Outlet can be of any size compatible with passing the design quantity of fluid and pressure.3 answers  ·  1 vote: The question being somewhat generic, so too must be the answer. In the case of any device that . Ith Hydraulic Pump, 20AN Water-neck Adapters, No Welding-No Clamps required. . the same hose size. Perfect for LS swaps when the pump is one size and the radiator is another. Our adapters can be installed on any water-neck.$59.95 · ‎Free delivery over $150 · ‎In stock Jlg Hydraulic Pump, Griffin Frequently Asked Questions. If the fitting is the same size as the inlet and outlet you can use an AN fitting instead . You can use any standard water pump with a Griffin radiator. John Deere 1020 Hydraulic Pump, Rear mount radiator plumbing. Mar 6, 2013 — Here are my concerns for this setup. 1) The inlet of the water pump is 1.5" and the outlet is 1.25". With 16 AN only measuring 1" will this be . John Deere 4020 Hydraulic Pump Rebuild Kit, Water Pump - YARMOUTH FIERO - NS355 PROJECT. Apr 26, 2017 — Remote water pump adapters mount in place of the bulky GM LS series . As I demonstrated in an earlier post, the pump and inlet / outlet . Grid Lgcy Power, BillaVista.com-Cooling Bible Tech Article by .. Back side of the water pump showing coolant flow path. A = Water pump outlet to heater core, 5/8". B = Water pump inlet from heater core . John Deere 410 Hydraulic Pump, I am wanting to bypass the heater core in my 1997 Mercury .. May 12, 2011 — I'm needing to know the inside diameter of the supply and return hoses . end of the hose where ever it goes, on the water pump or whatever .1 answer  ·  Top answer: Mercury_Morris :For a 4.6L, it looks like 19mm.http://www.compnine.com/index.php?pa=1&ta=1&acdmod . John Deere 410 Hydraulic Pump Rebuild Kit, 1 5/8" Radiator Hose Adapter with Reducers. TSP's hose adapter kits are designed to allow the installation of smaller-sized hoses with larger sized radiator outlets. They come complete with hose .$10.00 · ‎90-day returnsBypass Hose | O'Reilly Auto Parts. Bypass Hose ; 5.0. (1) · 9-5/8 Inch · 244mm ; 3.0. (2) · 15-5/8 Inch · 396mm ; 5.0. (4) · 9-5/8 Inch · 244mm.Free delivery over $35Simulation of An Air- to-Water Reversible Heat Pump. PDFby JM Corberan · 2000 · Cited by 12 — where 'IJis is the isentropic efficiency, and hi,ho and his are the inlet, outlet and isentropic enthalpy respectively. A third equation is needed to know the .OWNER'S MANUAL. PDFLandShark Series External Water Pump Specifications. LandShark. Series Model #. Rated. Voltage / . Pump. Input. Pump. Output. Recommended. Hose. Diameter. John Deere 410d Hydraulic Pump, Cooling system question on 5.3, when does thermostat open?. Oct 2, 2015 — The water pump pumps coolant out of the lower two ports on its back side and into the block. . . and through the cylinder heads. Special LS- . John Deere 5103 Hydraulic Pump, Radiator hose : MGB & GT Forum. Hey all, I have a 1968 MGB GT and need to know the length/inside . lower hose pipe fitting to water pump Moss# 434-487 1 1/16 ID 2.75" lg. John Deere 5210 Hydraulic Pump, 4 Port Fuel Log W/ Swivel 3/8NPT X -8 O-ring Outlet Fittings.. Description · Inlet Quantity: Two · Inlet Attachment: Female threads · Inlet Size: 12 AN O-Ring · Outlet Quantity: Four · Outlet Attachment: Female threads · Outlet .$234.22 · ‎90-day returns · ‎In stock John Deere 757 Hydraulic Pump Rebuild Kit, Water Pump O-ring. 1998 360 V8 The little metal pipe on the drivers side of the water pump is leaking now. I can't find a part number or size for the o-ring. Is there a. John Deere 90 Skid Steer Hydraulic Pump, manual. PDFWe recommend our LILIE Native Drinking Water Hose #88112 or . avoid restrictions on the diameter of the plumbing at the inlet and outlet side of the pump . John Deere 950 Hydraulic Pump, Chapter SPS 382. PDFSubchapter IV — Water Supply Systems . in diameter for sewage ejectors and sewage pumps, and 1¼” in . Service Sink, 2 inch diameter, floor outlet. John Deere Hydraulic Pump Repair, Air To Water Intercooler Tech 101: What It Does And What .. “We use Garrett cores for the 2,000 to 4,000 horsepower units and a Bell core for the IC2500. These, of course, require a water tank and pump to cool them. Our .Radiators for Engine Swaps. Nov 12, 2013 — Among these, the GM LS engine is one of the more preferred engines, and often the water pump dictates that the inlet and outlet be on the .BBC radiator hose sizes. Jul 18, 2005 — I just measured the outlet on my thermostat cover and it's 1 1/2". Can't get to the water pump inlet but I believe it's 2". Anthony. Anthony My .12 posts  ·  07-18-05 07:33 AM - Post#742640. What size are the upper and lower hoses for a BBC? I measured .Missing: ls ‎| Show results with: lsE36 LSX coolant hoses?. Sep 25, 2009 — Camaro LS1 lower hose sliced to BMW 6-cylinder lower hose. . drill and tap the outlet line on the lsx water pump and put a plug in it and . John S Barnes Hydraulic Pump Distributors, Water pump replacement checklist - Duramax Forum. Nov 21, 2019 — ~4 inches 3/8" hose and new Ideal hose clamps (Gates fuel line work here?) 11. Flywheel blocking gizmo and 36mm 12pt socket kit (Lisle) Js Barnes Hydraulic Pumps, Siphon. This equals the maximal height of a suction pump, which operates by the same principle. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water . Nike Women Jersey, Waterpump fitting question.. Feb 22, 2007 — Are you talking about the outlet to the heater? If you are the one I have is F81Z-18599-AA It is not a pipe thread .It requires an Oring. I . Grid Of Animals, Short Coolant Hose Size?. Jun 13, 2020 — IIRC it is 5/8" same as the one going to the heater core. 2003 2500 QCLB 305/555 CTD NV5600 Towing with Rob //// .Circulating Water System. PDFNov 21, 1997 — condenser tubes to remove heat, condensing the exhaust steam from . The two circulating water pumps, located in the intake structure, take.Plastic Y on water pump. Nov 14, 2005 — Where the heater hose goes over the fittings the OD "mikes out" as 0.6265.standard 5/8 heater hose size. The ID of the hose fitting where the .Water pump plumbing diagram. - Airstream Forums. Aug 26, 2022 — Pump inlet from water tank. Pump outlet goes to a T fitting- 1 side of the t fitting goes to a shut off valve which then goes to the .